Weeds
Today the topic that we will discuss is weeds!
Weeds are valueless plant growing wild, it grows together with the desired cultivate plant and in the worst cases, if do not take the right precautions it can become a competitor of the plant that you want to cultivate
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/weed
For our case that is Guarana, a scientific study done in the amazon state collected 14.707 samples of weeds, among them were detected 40 families and 87 species. 70 of the species were Dicotyledons representing 80,5% of the weeds, 13 Monocotyledons (15%) and 4 Pteridophytes (4,5%).
Panicum pilosum, Scleria melaleuca, Panicum laxum, Spermacoce capitata, Selaginella asperula and Homolepis aturensis are the main weeds found during the study.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-83582004000300004
Panicum pilosum 
Panicum laxum
A crop infestation by weeds can be attributed to management, due to the shortage of labor in this production and manual practices fro weeds control is difficult due to the climatic conditions of
high temperature, relative humidity, dense solar radiation and also increases till 35% the costs of production. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pd/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf
The control of weeds through mechanical weeding can cause soil compaction, harm the normal development of the root systems and consequently have an impact in the productivity of guarana.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pd/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf
Due to these factors, herbicides can be the best solution for weed control methods. But a lot of research still need to be done about this topic, due to the lack of information or nonexistent information about this practice in this kind of plant.
https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/bitstream/doc/669755/1/Pesquisa151999.pdf
Because herbicides also have chemicals that can pollute ground water and disturb the balance of ecosystems, so some option for a weed control could be:
. Organic herbicides based in pine oil, vinegar or salt
. Use mulch to cover the soil and the weeds, the mulch should be thick and the first layer of the mulch could be a cardboard or newspaper for a more efficient coverage.
. Use a sheet of black plastic and cover the weedy area and put some weigh on the edges of the plastic sheet so the plastic will always stay at the right place during 4 to 6 weeks, the sunlight and the lack of air circulation, make the weeds unable to grow and successively die. This method also prevents pollination and seeds spreading. Due to the extreme heat for several days, the soil organisms can also be harmed, so when the plastic is removed, a layer of organic matter should be add to the soil to help re-establish the soil microbial life.
http://www.greenlifesoil.com.au/sustainable-gardening-tips/organic-weed-control
Advantages of Roundup herbicide application:
. It is effective in all weeds
. Apply glyphosate before the new crop is planted can improve the potential to produce higher yields and reduce grain moisture levels
. Enables farms to establish crops faster and easily
. Reduce labor requeriments
. Cost-effective weed control
https://monsanto.com/app/uploads/2017/06/Glyphosate-benefits-and-safety-FINAL-Gov-Officials-ONLY.pdf
http://www.glyphosate.eu/benefits/higher-yields-and-easier-harvests
Disadvantages of Roundup herbicide application:
. Human health risks (if the herbicides gets in contact with the skin, it can causes skin irritations, vomiting, nausea and diarrhea)
. Metal reactions (if the herbicide have contact with metal it can produce a highly combustible gas)
. The herbicide kills all kinds of vegetation which it comes in contact, the only exception are plants that have been selectively bred to resist to this herbicide
. Pollute water bodies
. Some weeds will become more resistant with the application of this herbicide
http://www.gardenguides.com/100780-disadvantages-roundup.html
Weeds are valueless plant growing wild, it grows together with the desired cultivate plant and in the worst cases, if do not take the right precautions it can become a competitor of the plant that you want to cultivate
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/weed
For our case that is Guarana, a scientific study done in the amazon state collected 14.707 samples of weeds, among them were detected 40 families and 87 species. 70 of the species were Dicotyledons representing 80,5% of the weeds, 13 Monocotyledons (15%) and 4 Pteridophytes (4,5%).
Panicum pilosum, Scleria melaleuca, Panicum laxum, Spermacoce capitata, Selaginella asperula and Homolepis aturensis are the main weeds found during the study.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-83582004000300004
Panicum pilosum Panicum laxumA crop infestation by weeds can be attributed to management, due to the shortage of labor in this production and manual practices fro weeds control is difficult due to the climatic conditions of
high temperature, relative humidity, dense solar radiation and also increases till 35% the costs of production. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pd/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf
The control of weeds through mechanical weeding can cause soil compaction, harm the normal development of the root systems and consequently have an impact in the productivity of guarana.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pd/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf
Due to these factors, herbicides can be the best solution for weed control methods. But a lot of research still need to be done about this topic, due to the lack of information or nonexistent information about this practice in this kind of plant.
https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/bitstream/doc/669755/1/Pesquisa151999.pdf
Because herbicides also have chemicals that can pollute ground water and disturb the balance of ecosystems, so some option for a weed control could be:
. Organic herbicides based in pine oil, vinegar or salt
. Use mulch to cover the soil and the weeds, the mulch should be thick and the first layer of the mulch could be a cardboard or newspaper for a more efficient coverage.
. Use a sheet of black plastic and cover the weedy area and put some weigh on the edges of the plastic sheet so the plastic will always stay at the right place during 4 to 6 weeks, the sunlight and the lack of air circulation, make the weeds unable to grow and successively die. This method also prevents pollination and seeds spreading. Due to the extreme heat for several days, the soil organisms can also be harmed, so when the plastic is removed, a layer of organic matter should be add to the soil to help re-establish the soil microbial life.
http://www.greenlifesoil.com.au/sustainable-gardening-tips/organic-weed-control
Advantages of Roundup herbicide application:
. It is effective in all weeds
. Apply glyphosate before the new crop is planted can improve the potential to produce higher yields and reduce grain moisture levels
. Enables farms to establish crops faster and easily
. Reduce labor requeriments
. Cost-effective weed control
https://monsanto.com/app/uploads/2017/06/Glyphosate-benefits-and-safety-FINAL-Gov-Officials-ONLY.pdf
http://www.glyphosate.eu/benefits/higher-yields-and-easier-harvests
Disadvantages of Roundup herbicide application:
. Human health risks (if the herbicides gets in contact with the skin, it can causes skin irritations, vomiting, nausea and diarrhea)
. Metal reactions (if the herbicide have contact with metal it can produce a highly combustible gas)
. The herbicide kills all kinds of vegetation which it comes in contact, the only exception are plants that have been selectively bred to resist to this herbicide
. Pollute water bodies
. Some weeds will become more resistant with the application of this herbicide
http://www.gardenguides.com/100780-disadvantages-roundup.html
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